HIV-AIDS
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:- HIV-AIDS
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells (T cells), which are vital for fighting infections. If left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a severe stage where the immune system is too weak to combat life-threatening infections and cancers.
Thanks to advances in medicine, HIV is no longer a death sentence. With proper care and antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals living with HIV can lead healthy and fulfilling lives. Let’s dive into essential details about HIV/AIDS, including medications, causes, symptoms, and prevention.
Causes of HIV
HIV spreads when certain bodily fluids from an infected person enter the bloodstream of another. Common modes of transmission include:
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Unprotected sexual contact with an HIV-positive person.
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Sharing needles or syringes for drug use.
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Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding.
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Blood transfusions (very rare in countries with strict screening processes).
Health Conditions Linked to HIV
If untreated, HIV weakens the immune system, leading to complications such as:
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Opportunistic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia).
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Certain cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma.
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Chronic conditions like wasting syndrome and persistent diarrhea.
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
HIV symptoms vary by stage:
1. Early Stage (Acute HIV)
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Flu-like symptoms: Fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
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Rash and body aches.
2. Latent Stage (Asymptomatic)
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No noticeable symptoms, but the virus continues to damage the immune system.
3. Advanced Stage (AIDS)
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Extreme fatigue.
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Rapid weight loss.
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Persistent fever and night sweats.
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Opportunistic infections and recurring illnesses.
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Common diagnostic methods include:
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Rapid Tests: Detect antibodies or antigens using a finger prick or oral swab.
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ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): A blood test confirming the presence of HIV.
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CD4 Count: Measures immune system strength.
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Viral Load Test: Determines the amount of HIV in the blood.
HIV/AIDS Medications
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is the cornerstone of HIV treatment. ART involves a combination of drugs that suppress the virus, preventing it from multiplying and damaging the immune system.
Common Types of HIV Medications
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NRTIs (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors): Block the reverse transcriptase enzyme (e.g., Zidovudine, Tenofovir).
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NNRTIs (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors): Prevent viral replication (e.g., Efavirenz, Nevirapine).
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PIs (Protease Inhibitors): Inhibit protease enzymes, blocking virus assembly (e.g., Ritonavir, Atazanavir).
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INSTIs (Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors): Prevent the virus from inserting its genetic material into CD4 cells (e.g., Dolutegravir, Raltegravir).
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Entry and Fusion Inhibitors: Block the virus from entering CD4 cells (e.g., Enfuvirtide).
Side Effects of HIV Medications
While ART is highly effective, some individuals may experience side effects, such as:
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Nausea and diarrhea.
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Fatigue or headaches.
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Lipodystrophy (fat redistribution in the body).
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Insomnia or vivid dreams (common with NNRTIs).
It’s essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to manage side effects.
Prevention of HIV
Preventing HIV requires awareness and action:
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Practice Safe Sex: Use condoms consistently and correctly.
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Regular Testing: Early detection helps prevent transmission.
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Avoid Sharing Needles: Always use sterile syringes.
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PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis): A daily medication for high-risk individuals to prevent HIV.
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PMTCT (Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission): ART during pregnancy reduces transmission risk.
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